Full-disk Encryption (FDE)
It is a Software-based Solution
File Vault (MacOS) & BitLocker (Windows): Both system uses AES encryption
BitLocker encryption key is stored on TPM chip on supported Windows devices
On systems without a TPM chip the encryption key will be stored to a USB stick
Partition Encryption
Similar to FDE but it is only applied to a specific partition on the storage device
e.g. VeraCrypt
Volume Encryption
Used to encrypt a set space on the storage medium
An encrypted contain is created that can house various files and folders
e.g. VeraCrypt
File-level Encryption
Used to encrypt an individual file
EFS (Encrypting File System) - Windows
e.g. GPG
Database Encryption
Secures the entire database, extending to multiple storage devices similar to FDE
e.g. SQL Transparent Data Encryption (TDE)
Record-level Encryption
Used to encrypt individual rows within a database